Integration theory Essay

In introducing the revisionist phase of integration theory, Haas (1971: 26–30) explicitly withdrew his earlier exclusion of public opinion. This is particularly evident in his new ‘master concept’ of authority legitimacy transfer or sharing: ‘a formulation I would myself prefer to the stress put on elite loyalties in my own earlier formulations’. Indicators of this concept are observable in activity ‘in specific functional and organizational sectors and. . . in elite and mass perceptions’ (emphasis added). The acceptance of public opinion in the political arena is very transparent in the linkage of variables that quantify the percentage of interaction within the context of the masses and the elites’ political perception. Haas advocates focusing on the notion of social learning as a major link, speculating on the various elements that might be involved; for example, increased contact and familiarity, growing complexity in the pattern of inter-group loyalties and social roles, education and informal socialization practices and progressively rewarding experiences derived from the activities of common markets. On the other hand, Schmitter (1971: 233) is quite explicit about his revisionist intentions, offering ‘a revised formalization of the neo-functionalist or structuralist theory of the political consequences of regional integration with pretensions to general comparative relevance. ’ the significant factor in this theory lies on the connection of the differing variables and hypothesis in accordance to the attitudes and perceptions of the populace, which represents numerous political groups and parties. It all depends, therefore, on whether one takes a broad or narrow definition of these groups. Schmitter does not explicitly address this question but a broad definition is clearly implied by his operationalization of the variables in question. Thus the variable â€Å"elite value complementarity† is operationalized by reference to ‘panel type survey data on the nature and intensity of commitment to similar goals within and across integrating units’. That the operationalization includes public opinion data is clear from the accompanying footnote which includes reference to Inglehart’s work on public opinion and European integration. Similarly, regional identity is operationalized by reference to ‘panel survey research on selected samples exposed to intensive regional socialization; inference from single surveys on the residual importance of regional contacts/level of information when controlled for other variables’, and Inglehart’s work is again cited (Schmitter 1971: 252). Thus, we can infer that neo-functionalism’s principles are geared towards the affirmation on the importance of public opinion. In the development of Nye’s revised neo-functionalist model, public opinion enters the scheme at two points. First, attitudinal integration—described as definitive appeal—figures in an expanded list of ‘process mechanisms’. In addition to determining whether or not a regional identity exists, Nye argues that it is necessary to assess the degree of salience and urgency attached to it and whether or not it is accompanied by a ‘myth of permanence and inevitability’ (1971: 73). The other side of this variable is the persistence of competing national identities. Secondly, public opinion enters as a variable in the domestic arena influencing the actions of national political leaders. Actors in the original neo-functionalist model—mainly the integrationist technocrats and interest group representatives—need to be supplemented by ‘electoral or support politicians’ whose primary function is to legitimize the actions involved in regional integration. This implies a very clear role for public opinion in the process of integration, which is reinforced by the inclusion of ‘the category of mass opinion, or more accurately of opinion leaders, who create broad or narrow limits for the legitimacy of integrationist programs’ (1971: 63). Media is one of the major catalysts in the proliferation and in the validation of public opinion. Because through this, a political group can draw out what platforms they should espouse so that the electorate will vote for them. In terms of the electorate, public opinion will serve as their contribution in landscaping a new political condition, as well as the status quo of the preexisting politics. Since public opinion formulates how politics should operate there is a great necessity to ensure that such opinions are clearly express in order for it to be addressed and to be recognized. And the most effective means to satisfy such necessity is to use the media. The obvious question which then arises is why the new emphasis did not make an immediate impact on the research agenda. The problem was that, almost as soon as this broadening occurred and before it could really take hold, the theory itself seemed to be bypassed by events and treated by its authors, either explicitly or implicitly, as obsolescent. As noted earlier, it was rescued from oblivion by the resurgence of European integration in the mid-1980s. References: Haas, E. B. (1971). The Study of Regional Integration: Reflections on the Joy and Anguish of Pre-theorizing’. In Regional Integration: Theory and Research: Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press. Key, V. O. (1961). Public Opinion and American Democracy: New York: Knopf.

Effects of gambling Essay

During people’s life, they develop empirical knowledge about many things. Knowing is the power that everyone has to decide which information is right or wrong to face big challenges and succeed when taking the decisions. All possibilities in this life might be good within the constraints; however, when people take themselves to an abusive level of necessity, it becomes dangerous for them and all those surround them. Gambling has a number of negative effects that distinguish it from other challenging activities; some of these issues are: addictions, family problems and bankruptcy. Gambling is not only a problem in the United States. Gambling is a big problem many other countries such as England and Whales (Department for Culture, Media and Sport, 2002). Reports have proven that over 72% of adults have reportedly gambled within the last year. (Sproston et, al. 2000). Gambling is used like a drug, if people have an issue with family, work, or any worldly problems. The irony of that is, gambling causes family problems, Firstly, gambling is apparently an entertainment industry where many end up being innocent victims of addictions such as alcoholism and lies. Society should be able to resolve its problems without depending on external agents, but people have point breaks. Because casinos provide free alcohol to their customers, they could easily get alcohol problems; while gamblers spend money on their bets, they are drinking alcohol. Compulsive gamblers usually tell lies because they seek to hide their gamble habits; they begin to distort their actions to their partners, friends and even at work. For instance, sometimes bettors gamble in secret, or they do not tell how much time or money they spend; instead, they often create stories to try to justify their activities. Gamblers believe in fake hopes that they will surprise themselves with a big win some day. Compulsive Gambling can be addicted to the adventure of the risk. An addictive gambler is anxious of winning and will tend to play with games that involve other players, so they can feel the adrenaline rush. The most unfortunate consequence of gambling is suicide. Many times have gamblers become depressed because of their financial situation. A lot of gamblers tend to think of themselves as losers. They think that their lives are not worth living and that they are a waste of space in this world. Gambling also brings family problems because gaming causes emotional issues, and it has an impact on children. Whether bettors have just discovered a gambling problem, or they have been living with it for some time; they may feel destroyed by the magnitude of the problem. For example, if gamblers have feelings of desperation, they feel like their assumptions are consumed by the problem they are dealing. They might handle that they need to separate from their couple at least for a period of time. Emotions of this nature are common when they are approaching the complex issues that emerge as a result of a gambling problem. Also, being a person with gambling issues at home can affect children in many ways. For example, gamblers spend less time with their families is due to they invest a lot of time in casinos; therefore, children think that they parents do not love them anymore. These troubles can leave a family feeling frustrated and even worse if the gamblers are fighting over money. It can frighten the relationship. If the family is the core of the society, gambling for any reason could harm the family members because in the family people acquire respect for a moral values in the society. Another negative effect of gambling is a financial crisis; many gamblers accumulate thousands of dollars of debt without knowing. Borrowing money and selling personal items to gamble are signs of aggravated indebtedness. First, Acquiring money from banks and credit cards with the hopes that they can win back their losses is just a way to create long term financial issues for both players and family. For example, while Antony’s wife is fast asleep, Antony spends hours in front of the computer gambling online; authorizing automatic withdraws from his bank accounts and credit cards. They are behind on bills, and the couple gets threatening calls from collection agents on past loans. Thus, his annoyed wife finds that the online gambling losses are the cause that add up to hundreds of dollars a month. Gamblers often say that they do not know where the money is going if they really do not spend too much. Second, Family investments usually are diminished because the gambler seeks more and more resources with which to gamble. For example, a gambler who manages the family finances could liquidate the all family’s properties such as: houses, cars, etc theses possessions may be faded or lost. Consequently, individual beliefs might change when they face beyond their limit, trying to get back their losses. The effects of compulsive gambling are almost immediately overwhelming; gambling can result in uncontrolled cravings, family troubles and economic crisis. Because some people have a low self-esteem they believe that they are not in control of their actions and emotions. Leaders’ thoughts are developed on these false ideas; hence, gambling seeks to control gamblers’ life. Gambling can leave players with devastating effects; as a result, governments can find many solutions the problem associated with gambling. For example, taking an allowance of the gambling revenues and putting it towards rehabilitation programs would be a very positive charity from gambling. For these reasons, governments should find a way to make gambling safer.

Case Analysis: the Bribery Scandal at Siemens AG

The Siemens bribery scandal brought to light a strategic dilemma facing multi-national firms attempting to gain a competitive edge by operating abroad; specifically, how can they balance adherence to their own ethical and legal standards with the customs required to do business efficiently, or perhaps at all, in foreign markets? Germany’s Co-Determination law has since drawn intense criticism as hampering competitiveness and creating untenable situations for management, rife with conflict-of-interest issues, not only because of Siemens, but also because of the number of other German-based companies accused of bribing labor union representatives. The forced resignation of CEO, Klaus Kleinfeld, despite the resulting success during his tenure, illustrates the predicament international managers face with regard to conflicting operational methods, and leads us to larger questions about accountability within an organization. As the case study author states, the Siemens scandal is representative of what many firms believe is the inevitable â€Å"ethical cost of intense competition in global markets†, particularly emerging markets, where payments for contracts are described as common place and perhaps even required. ?Perhaps the most glaringly problematic observation remains that the Siemens AG top management claims that they failed to notice rampant, and arguably conspicuous embezzlement leading to lucrative foreign contracts. Are there flaws in the German System of Corporate Governance? The 2007 scandal resulting in charges against Siemens’ Chief of Information Technology, Johannes Feldmayer, and Chief of Finance, Karl-Hermann Baumann, was rooted in illegal payments designed to work around German corporate governance laws. In this instance, IG Metall complained that Siemens was illegally funding smaller, rival union, AUB, in an attempt to grow and cultivate it as an ally against IG Metall in the bargaining process. This scandal marked the beginning of the unearthing of unethical behaviors in other German-based firms that have since lead to criticism that the Co-Determination law is antiquated and hampers competitiveness. The Co-Determination law was designed to provide a mechanism for worker participation in management decision-making via a two-tiered system with a supervisory board having oversight of the management board. Critics, however, argue that the law, in fact, limits the management board’s ability to make strategic decisions due to the control exerted by labor holding 50% of the seats on the supervisory board. I agree with the author’s statement that this creates, â€Å"a suspicious alliance between the management and the labor representatives†. The end result was often agreements made prior to the official meetings to facilitate outcomes favorable to management. Although the law was meant to bring balance to the corporate governance structure, I would argue that the potential for corruption of the labor representatives, or on the other end of the spectrum, obstruction of the management board, has a destabilizing effect likely to manifest in questionable and dysfunctional partnerships, such as was the case with Siemens. Another component of the Co-Determination law prevents selection of supervisory board members who are non-German, regardless of the expertise or perspective they could bring to the table. Naturally, the result is a limited, often recurring, and potentially like-minded pool of candidates, which the author points out, may have contributed to the ousting of Kleinfeld. The facts presented indicate that the lion’s share of the bribery scandal took place under Heinrich von Pierer, who was the CEO from 1992 until 2005, and the supervisory board chairman from 2005 to 2007. Kleinfeld took over in 2005 and, within a period of only two years, had accomplished a remarkable and profitable restructuring, as evidenced by a 26% increase in the stock price. This was not without growing pains, however, as it is speculated that Kleinfeld’s aggressive management style, often described as â€Å"American†, did not meet with the approval of the more conservative supervisory board. As such, analysts opined that the bribery scandal was used as an opportunity to remove Kleinfeld, citing the need for a â€Å"new beginning†. I agree that this is likely the case. The growth under Kleinfeld was impressive, particularly given the timeframe. Furthermore, the timing of the actual instances of bribery put them squarely during von Pierer’s tenure as CEO; and he had already stepped down from the supervisory board. Nevertheless, under the power granted by the Co-Determination law, the supervisory board opted to bring in a new CEO, Peter Loescher, indicating, in my opinion, that its issue with Kleinfeld was not performance based. Why Such Risky Business? The history of Siemens AG paints a picture of a successful and arguably dominant multi-national firm, with a reputation for a war chest of competencies and innovative products. The obvious question, then, is why would a firm with this resume and list of global achievements become involved with corruption and criminal behavior? The author recounts the opinions of analysts who believe the answer is simple; many firms view the types of payments at the heart of the Siemens scandal to be the necessary cost of doing business in the current global environment. At first glance, the facts of this case may seem to support this theory. There were â‚ ¬420 million of questionable payments made over a seven year period from 1999 to 2006. Official Siemens records showed the payments as having gone to external consultants. It was determined, however, that they were actually paid to foreign purchasing officials and that the expenditures coincided with the procurement of â€Å"fixed line telecommunications business in various international markets†, including Italy, Puerto Rico, Greece, and the United States. By March of 2007, two former Siemens managers were convicted of embezzlement of company funds for the purpose of bribing foreign officials. The employees argued that their actions did not violate any laws, resulted in no personal gain, and were taken solely for the purpose of improving Siemens’ positioning. They argued that they worked, only to secure a lucrative deal in which the payments were required by Enel management as part of the standard bid process. In fact, Siemens AG argued that the court order requiring forfeiture of earnings from the contract, prior to 2002 when the German government instituted a law prohibiting bribes to private officials abroad, specifically, had no basis in law. As previously stated, these events may appear to support the case in favor of questionable payments and loose ethical boundaries as a necessary cost of business. It is my opinion, however, that these events illustrate a flawed management culture and strategy. They are evidence of a system where a focus on true technological innovation has given way to a focus on unfettered expansion, and the unnatural duplication of the monopolistic type control over infrastructure in developing countries that was enjoyed during previous decades in other parts of the now industrialized world. If Siemens had bolstered their technologically competitive strength, they would not need to rely so heavily on their financial strength to gain entry into markets. Is this the New Cost of Doing Business? The fact that Siemens top management continue to take the official position that, despite the scope, depth, and intricacies of the bribery scandal, they had no knowledge of it remains difficult to explain. Further, they take no responsibility, save acknowledgement that they lacked adequate internal compliance systems. I find the truthfulness of this position to be of remote possibility due to the conspicuousness and magnitude of the payments, as well as their direct correlation with the securing of highly lucrative contracts. Moreover, the idea that entire sections of Siemens’ managers were of the character that they would be comfortable blatantly committing criminal acts for the sole benefit of their employer, but not themselves, I find to be quite counter-intuitive. The debate over whether events such as those unearthed at Siemens are part of the usual and customary cost of doing business abroad must be framed in terms of the complete denial of culpability by the top management. A legitimate, above-board expense is accounted for, tracked, and justified; this is the case even when it is outside the norms of the firm’s home country. It is not hidden from shareholders. A buffer of scapegoat-able employees need not lie between it and top management. If a light cannot be readily shown upon it, I believe it is without question, unethical. Whether or not it is illegal, however, depends upon the laws in the countries the firm is operating in. I could conceive of a situation where a firm could distribute cash â€Å"incentive† payments openly, on the books, as well as legally. In addition, firms have other options. They could improve their offerings to increase the competitiveness of the bid, and/or structure them with above-board incentives. They could operate with a clear and unwavering zero-tolerance policy for bribery; recognizing that it will be necessary to educate those conducting bid processes in markets where it is believed to be common to expect questionable payments. A firm could also exercise patience, and restraint, and be willing to walk away from markets requiring participation in corrupt processes. The Kleinfeld Conclusion. The Siemens AG supervisory board did provide adequate justification for the decision not to renew Kleinfeld’s contract, due to the scandals breaking during his time as CEO; yet, I believe that they were wrong in doing so in light of his track record of impressive and expedient accomplishments. Though his termination clearly pleased the board, unless Mr. Loescher is able to maintain the growth trajectory set by Kleinfeld, I believe his departure will not inspire confidence from management or shareholders. This is of concern because confidence has a direct impact on value, which could make it harder to move beyond the bribery scandal. Was it Worth It? One question still remains: was Siemens really at fault, given the apparent prevalence of these sorts of issues among other German companies; or was their only sin gett ing caught? It is my opinion that the magnitude of the â€Å"bribing† which took place at Siemens made it highly unlikely that knowledge of it would stay buried. I believe Siemens had to have anticipated this, hence the buffer between top management and the â€Å"bribers†. I believe they made a calculated business decision that whatever the consequence may ultimately be, it was a greater benefit to get a foot hold in the infrastructure of those markets. In short, yes, Siemens is to blame, and yes, they are okay with it.

Introduction about Salmonella Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Introduction about Salmonella - Assignment Example In the early periods of the 19th century, typhoid was basically defined on the basis of its symptoms and clinical signs. Literally, every enteric fever was categorized as typhoid. During 1880s, Eberth became the first person to observe the typhoid bacillus in parts of the spleen as well as in the mesenteric lymph nodes from a person who had succumbed to typhoid (Todar, 2009). Robert Koch later confirmed Eberth’s discovery and cultivated the bacterium in 1881. In 1896, it was established that typhoid bacillus agglutinated the bacterial cells causing typhoid using the serum of animal blood. The same result replicated in patients suffering from typhoid and thus, serodiagnosis of typhoid became a possibility in 1896 (Todar, 2009). Proper development of complete genome ensures effective classification of disease-causing organisms (pathogens) and their hosts. The classification of the genus salmonella has undergone considerable changes over many years as the methods of identificatio n methods keep improving with time (Liu, 2011). In 1946, Kaufmann White developed a scheme that enabled distinguishing of Salmonella serovars based on their O, H as well as Vi antigens (Todar, 2009). According to Warrell et al. (2005), the genome of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. ... The impacts of Salmonella enterica serovarTyphi range from health to economic devastations. When an individual consumes contaminated water, the symptoms of typhoid fever are likely to manifest after a short while. Typhoid fever is usually connected with systemic fever, loss of appetite, nausea or vomiting, which is usually followed with diarrhea. If left untreated for a very long period of time, the disease could cause death in humans. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is most prevalent in developing nation where poor sanitation leads to contamination of water for drinking. As such Salmonella enterica serovarTyphi is one of the contributors to high health spending in different parts of the world. According to Crump, Luby and Mintz (2004), typhoid fever is a burden worldwide and causes about 16 million illnesses and more than 600, 000 fatalities every year. Introduction Closest Relatives of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi and Their Features There is no clear understanding of the gen etic basis of the distinctions in host tropism that exist between serovars and wide host range. The genetic changes that come with evolutionary changes in the serovars include the build-up of mobile components and pseudogenes together with the arrangement of chromosomes and deletion that causes the reduction in the genome (Porwollik, 2011). One close relative of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. According to Todar (2009), Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is â€Å"a Gram-negative facultative rod-shaped bacterium in the same proteobacterial family as Escherichia coli, the family Enterobacteriaceae, trivially known as "enteric" bacteria† (Todar,

Assignment 10 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

10 - Assignment Example ifferences in employees needs and preferences, for instance many of the employees who are much younger and do not have dependent children and spouses always tend not to believe in life insurance. In many case scenario married couples who have dependable children and spouses at the same time always enjoys most of the benefits plan, as the company is a aware of the demanding situation to provide and be comfortable at the same time. Un-married persons living together are not recognized in such and do not enjoy the benefits enjoyed by married couples. Employees with higher standards of education also tend to enjoy most of the benefits plans in many organizations as compared to those employees with low level of education. In order to effectively come with a proper plan succession planning needs to be focused from senior management positions starting at the top and going down. The plan needs to focus on developing large talent pools as compared to few individuals. It should also build on well-developed competencies and objective assessment process planning. As such there should be plans of the number of job-ready people to fill senior jobs when they become vacant, the total percentage of jobs filled by internal candidate and also the time it takes for an outside hire to get up to speed with his/her job task. Organizations should at all ties have job ready talents, plan ahead and in a timely manner. Have at all times successors developed and ready to assume their next level of

Qatar fencing federation organizational behavior and management Essay

Qatar fencing federation organizational behavior and management - Essay Example The Qatar Fencing Federation’s issue started once it hosted the Asian games in 2006. The games drained the federation’s resources in order to ensure success in these games, and attainment of good results which it achieved. Shortly after the games, the federation lacked agenda and plans on what to do next and with the President being inexperienced in the sports field, he delegated the mandate of seeking a plan to the coaches. The coaches on the other hand, similar to the president, lacked experience in the sports field and hence made weak plans about the future. They were more concerned about keeping their positions and appeasing the president than the welfare of the federation. The managers on the other hand, were simply followers of the coaches’ decisions without questions being asked. They lacked enthusiasm in the federation’s affairs as was indicated by their constant lack of attendance in the teams’ practice sessions. The last and most crucial p arty is the players who had not only become expatriates but wanted more benefits without making any effort in their performance. Their lack of motivation contributed to their poor results. Based on the background provided about the federation, and the issue they have at hand, the problem lies with the lack of effective management, lack of motivation as well as lack of group and team work in the Qatar Fencing Federation as a whole. This can however change if concentration is put on the management, teamwork and motivation of the players who are the key to success. The federation can once again emerge successful in the future. Management and leadership are two different things in any organisation. A leader is supposed to be a motivator and inspire the followers while a manager’s work is to plan and organize. A manager should also be a leader in any organization if success is to be

Paper 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Paper 2 - Essay Example Disgruntled Kenyans felt that they could rely on the judiciary hence took matters into their hands. The Kenyan presidential system has a very strong President hence it is prone to corruption that destabilizes the democracy. The author states that the Kenyan election had very apparent, and visible irregularities since the President and his people wanted to cling to power by all means possible (Khazan, 2013). The President further has total immunity against any legal actions hence neither the legislature nor the executive can check and regulate the president’s authority. Developing countries such as Kenya have diverse ethnic groups. In the Kenyan case, the Kikuyus and the Luos are the main ethnic groups that define the electoral processes. Kenyans vote for personalities rather than ideologies hence most political parties are merely ethnic vehicles into power. The country has a high poverty due to a weak economy as well as runaway corruption (Khazan, 2013). Most ethnic groups, therefore, view a win by their presidential candidate as a means for them to secure civil service jobs, government tenders as well as other favors. The opposing side sees the loss as a blow because the ruling government awards economic incentives according to ethnicity and political alignment (Khazan, 2013). Khazan, O. (2013, Mar 5). What Causes Some Elections to Go Violent? The Atlantic. Retrieved from

How was Nazi Concentration Camp worser than Soviet Concentration Camps Movie Review

How was Nazi Concentration Camp worser than Soviet Concentration Camps - Movie Review Example They killed millions of people for political gains. In the end, it all boils down to quality vs. quantity. Under which regime did more people died? Vs. which regime killed more brutally? The popular perception is that perhaps Stalin regime probably killed far more people than the Nazis. But records from relevant sources (scholars from Poland, Israel and Germany) show that Stalin regime killed far less people than Nazis. The Nazi regime focused their attention on one race. Holocaust was targeted towards Jews and the majority of them were tortured to death or died from starvation. Stalin regime did kill millions of people in Gulag but these numbers are far less than Nazi killings. There is a certain reason as to why the Holocaust is considered far worse than the crimes committed by the Stalin. Labeling an entire race of people as ‘outcasts’ is more brutal than finding political excuses to take people’s lives. People who suffered under Stalin regime probably could have found an excuse to spare their lives by paying strict taxes but Jews had no chance under Hitler’s rein. They were either supposed to flea of die. It is sad and satirical to count dead bodies and claim a winner in this debate. Numbers of killings doesn’t matter. It’s about human lives and tragedy that was hammered down upon people living in both countries. Some people say that the number in Stalin camps were far more than the people at Nazi concentration camp. But when a loved one is lost, it is only the family that actually suffers and knows how much it hurts. For instance the argument about the number of people who were murder at Treblinka; whether they were 780,862 or 780,863 doesn’t make much sense. It is a huge number and the tragedy doesn’t subside by thinking that it is a huge number. The individual life matters and there is no truth beyond that. All these people were humans and they left loved ones to mourn their death. Nazis killed much more people than

The Vitality of Personal Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Vitality of Personal Planning - Essay Example According to researchers and thinkers, planning is a vital element in an individual’s life. If one establishes goals and develops a desire to attain them without proper and efficient planning, he or she would not be able to achieve them. As per my own experience, I have witnessed that planning is undoubtedly a strong factor in making things right and leading them in the right direction. It helps me grow more in every field of life, and whenever I am unplanned and do not have a proper strategy for a certain task, either at college or work, I sometimes fail, or even if I am able to do it, then it is not as effective as I would have done it with proper planning and scheme(Ferzoco). The significance and vitality of planning have been discussed by many writers, authors, and other intellectuals and philosophers. In the article ‘In Praise of the Urban Sandbox’, which was published in April 2011 in the Magazine of the American Planning Association, the importance of plann ing in context with video games and digital gaming has been emphasized. Jeff Ferzoco, the writer of the article, has discussed planning in a brief manner, which is at the same time interesting to read(Ferzoco). The main emphasis of Ferzoco in the article revolves around the idea that planning can lift the standards and can turn the directions of certain things from negative to positive. By giving examples of games, he has stressed on the fact that games are not a bad medium which just consumes hours of people and keeps them busy for no good. In fact, games have turned out as a good medium for people and encourage them to rethink towards certain aspects of life. They teach them by getting them involved in real-life situations while they are in games(Ferzoco). I have learned a lot and games such as ‘cities in motion’ and ‘Cityville’ which has changed my concept and perspective completely. It is very well said that games, particularly computer games cannot be considered just as games, in fact, they are effective learning medium. However, it has all been made possible with proper and effective planning of game designers and planners. While I am playing games, I become curious and possessive regarding many things and want to make them work in a correct and appropriate manner. For example, if I see a long line of unhappy people waiting at a bus station in my city, I will try to divert that crowd to other station or will allocate another bus for them on an immediate basis so that they get to their destinations on time. Similarly, if I witness a decrease in economic and financial sources in my city, I will set up new industries and buildings so that it raises the economy. However, this seems possible only in games and is better said than done; but at least it gives me an idea of how to tackle situations and what actually is going on. The game planners design games so efficiently that they almost portray real life situations and issues(Ferzoco ). Ferzoco has also given different examples from different games in the article; those games which have made people learn, such as Farmville, CityVille on Facebook by Zynga, Sincity, and many others role-playing games.

A brief critical analysis of Asymmetric reactions to work group sex Article

A brief critical analysis of Asymmetric reactions to work group sex diversity among men and women, by Chatman & OReilly (2004), Academy of Management Journal, Vol.47, No.2, 193 208 - Article Example male dominated work environment, while women were more likely to be democratic toward men when the work group was female dominated (Konrad, Winter, and Gutek, 1992). The authors note that previous studies have relied on information that was gathered in environments where there were very few instances of female presence (p. 194). The issue of female underrepresentation in the work groups has also been a concern for feminists and researchers for a number of years (Syed and Murray, 2008) (Francoeur et al. 2008). The authors extend this hypothesis to include environments that are male dominated, female dominated, exclusively male or female, and a balanced number of men and women. By adding these other factors the study has not only separated itself from previous research, but enabled the examination of the issue of group sex diversity from various angles while avoiding a focus on similarity-attraction predictions. Chatman and O’Reilly put forth a study using deductive reasoning and a set of hypotheses that examine the relationship of men and women to the gender proportion of their work groups. The authors begin the study by examining general observations about gender in the work groups and go on to narrow their observations and previous research into a set of hypotheses. The first, hypothesis 1, is concerned with male and female preference for inclusion in higher status work groups and secondly, hypothesis 2a proposes that men and women in groups that are dominated by their own gender will be more committed to the organization. In addition those in groups that are dominated by their own gender will express a higher positive affect as proposed in hypothesis 2b. Lastly hypothesis 2c suggests that those in groups where their own gender is dominate will believe those groups are more cooperating than groups dominated by the opposite sex (p. 196). The authors conducted a quantitative study examining 189 professionals of both genders who were surveyed about their beliefs

Write a research paper on Amazon.com INC Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Write a on Amazon.com INC - Research Paper Example Jeff Bezos was not a born entrepreneur, he graduated from Princeton University and began to work in the field of computer science on Wall Street moving on to become the vice president at Bankers Trust (Byers). Due to his interest in the rapid use and growth of Internet technology, he devised the idea of Amazon.com. Thanks to the idea generated by Jeff Bezos, he quickly gained the identity of being the prominent entrepreneur who devised the dot-com idea and made him a billionaire soon. It started off as the bookstore initially and has now transformed in to the largest online retailer of the world as well. It has expanded its operations in a variety of ways and offers millions of online books, movies, songs, merchandise and just about anything. It can be safely concluded that Amazon has converted into an ‘everything store’ where merchandise of every kind is traded online. Shoppers are offered convenience that have the facility of shopping for almost anything online and can easily download books, games and films to even their portable devices such as tablets or smart phones. Other products such as the self publishing and online advertising are also offered on Amazon.com. Therefore, the customers’ Amazon Inc serves have been stated in the mission statement itself, which are consumer customers, seller customers and the developer customers. Therefore, Amazon Inc is a platform which does not only let the customers to download and buy the merchandise, but at the same time gives them a platform to sell their merchandise online as well to the interested customers. The marketing strategy that has been introduced by Amazon rests on six facets: it not only offers products and services to be purchased by the customers but at the same time, interface is user friendly which can be easily and conveniently used by the customers. The services and products offered at Amazon vary from small scale to the

X-ray transient Essay Example for Free

X-ray transient Essay The good news is that there are more binaries which reveal the possibility of a black hole, that which is much stronger than in Cygnus X-1 (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). In the year 1975, an X-ray transient known as A0620-00 was discovered. In the mid-80s, it was found that the mass of this object was more than 3. 5 solar masses. This fact alone eradicates the possibility of a neuron star, since neuron stars usually possess solar masses of 1. 5. In fact, the discovery of A0620-00 may have put into question the feasibility of other theories. Nonetheless, the best finding regarding black holes is V404 Cygni. This star was found to have an estimated 10 solar masses. Several journals have also written about the existence of black holes. In the 1995 edition of Annual Reviews of Astronomy and Astrophysics,there was a review conducted by Kormendy and Richstone, which implied the eight galaxies were thought to have â€Å"massive dark objects in their centers (Bunn, 1995, p. 1). † These cores were found to have masses which range from 1 million to several billion times that of the sun. Their massiveness was determined by noting how â€Å"the speed with which stars and gas orbit around the center of the galaxy: the faster the orbital speeds, the stronger the gravitational force required to hold the stars and gas in their orbits (Bunn, 1995, p. 1). † In fact, this is how astronomy usually measures masses. There are two reasons why these massive galactic centers were deemed as black holes. To begin with, the centers are â€Å"too dense and dark (Bunn, 1995, p. 1)† to even be considered as a group of stars, or just merely stars. â€Å"Second, the only promising theory to explain the enigmatic objects known as quasars and active galaxies postulates that such galaxies have supermassive black holes at their cores (Bunn, 1995, p. 1). † Even though these reasons point out that the galactic centers are really black holes, there is no sufficient evidence to prove it. Nonetheless, there is a continuous discovery for proofs that systems do include black holes. According to Bunn (1995), â€Å"a nearby active galaxy was found to have a water maser system (a very powerful source of microwave radiation) near its nucleus. Using the technique of very-long-baseline interferometry, a group of researchers was able to map the velocity distribution of the gas with very fine resolution (p. 1). † They also determined that the velocity was â€Å"less than half a light-year of the center of the galaxy (Bunn, 1995, p. 1). † It is from this fact that they deemed the object as a black hole, simply because only a black hole can have that much mass concentrated in such a small volume (Bunn, 1995, p. 1). All these results are included in January 12, 1995 issue of Nature, vol. 373. , as was reported by Miyoshi et al (Bunn, 1995, p.1). Is there a possibility that the Sun can be a black hole? No. According to Bunn (1995), â€Å"only stars that weigh considerably more than the Sun end their lives as black holes (p. 1). † For about five billion years, the Sun will remain in its present state. After that, the Sun will undergo a phase wherein it will be a red giant star. The Sun will then end its life as a white dwarf star. If there are black holes, are there white ones? According to Bunn (1995), â€Å"the equations of general relativity have an interesting mathematical property: they are symmetric in time. That means that you can take any solution to the equations and imagine that time flows backwards rather than forwards, and youll get another valid solution to the equations. If you apply this rule to the solution that describes black holes, you get an object known as a white hole (p. 1). † If a black hole then pulls objects in, a white hole would then push things out. The former sucks in, the latter spits out. However, there is no proof that white holes exist, and there are no studies to point out if their existence is a possibility. There has also been speculations about the existence of what is called worm holes. What is a worm hole? It is â€Å"a theoretical opening in space-time that one could use to travel to far away places very quickly (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † It is characterized by â€Å"two copies of the black hole geometry connected by a throat the throat, or passageway, is called an Einstein-Rosen bridge (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † As is indicated in the definition, it is merely theoretical. There is no scientific basis nor experimental evidence for such existence. However, it is indeed amazing to think that such existence is possible. Do black holes disappear or evaporate? Even astronomers are not sure as to how black holes end their existence. Bunn (1995) notes that â€Å"Back in the 1970s, Stephen Hawking came up with theoretical arguments showing that black holes are not really entirely black: due to quantum-mechanical effects, they emit radiation. The energy that produces the radiation comes from the mass of the black hole. Consequently, the black hole gradually shrinks. It turns out that the rate of radiation increases as the mass decreases, so the black hole continues to radiate more and more intensely and to shrink more and more rapidly until it presumably vanishes entirely (p. 1)† This is a mere theory. There have been no proof or scientific conclusions as to how black holes really diminish. Black holes are just one of the many things included in the vast universe we are a part of. Thanks to science and the technological advancements at present, we can have greater awareness and knowledge of what is within our universe but beyond our reach. References Bunn, T. (1995). Black Hole FAQ List. Retrieved December 13, 2007, from http://cosmology. berkeley. edu/Education/BHfaq. html. Lochner, J. (2007). Black Holes. Retrieved December 13, 2007, from http://imagine. gsfc. nasa. gov/docs/science/know_l2/black_holes. html.

Sweatshops And The Race To The Bottom Phenomenon Economics Essay

Sweatshops And The Race To The Bottom Phenomenon Economics Essay (1.) Why do global critics often cite sweatshops as a prime example of the race to the bottom phenomenon? (2.) In addition, are sweatshops a stop on the road to prosperity? (3.) Meanwhile, are sweatshops a common ground? (4.) Finally, how can developing countries minimize or escape the dangerous abuses that often accompany foreign direct investment in low labor-intensive operations? Global critics feel that the race to the bottom phenomenon is what happens; they say when world markets are opened to free, unfettered trade. In addition without transnational labor guidelines and regulations, big corporations will look to place factories and manufacturing plants in countries with the most relaxed environmental and labor standards for multi-purpose advantages. Are sweatshops a stop on the road to prosperity? Maybe so opinions vary but, records indicate this theory. Human rights, low wages, and less protection for workers that dominate export markets, or attract the mammoth amount of share in foreign direct investment supports the previous theory. Only with the prosperity brought by international trade, globalizations adherents say, can a country then afford to demand better working conditions for its workers. This means every prosperous country today once employed child labor in its economic adolescence that would today be considered sweatshop working conditions. (Radley Balko) Do sweatshops have a common ground? At the end of the day there are at least a few areas in which both free traders and anti-sweatshop crusaders can agree. Most free trade advocates agree, for example that benefiting from slave labor is no better than theft. Sweatshop workers are often the envy of their communities they make more money than the farmhands or beggars. The key to building prosperity is choice, and if workers dont have the option to quit, or to take a job with a factory across town offering better wages, the free in free trade is a misnomer, and the benefits of globalization are tainted. (Radley, Balko) How can developing countries minimize or escape the dangerous abuses that often accompany foreign direct investment in low labor-intensive operations? The list of dangers and difficulties linked to foreign direct investor and associated subcontractor operations in low -skill, labor-intensive operations is quite long but, perhaps somewhat surprisingly, so is the list of possible benefits and opportunities.(Theodore H. Moran) ANALYSIS PART 1 (Perception of the race to the bottom phenomenon) Sweatshops are an ongoing problem throughout the global economy, especially in the developing countries. There is more than 90% of child labor and sweatshop market employed in the rural areas of Asia and Africa. Even though there are a lot of developed countries that oppose child labor and sweatshops because of moral and ethical reason. They feel that the companies are taking advantage of the developing countries and exploiting their children just to make a profit. However, the developed countries have to understand the social and economic cost, the standard living conditions, and having a good grasp of what people living in these developing countries might go through. Sweatshops might be the answer and not the problem in developing a country. Furthermore, the importance of having sweatshops is that it automatically creates jobs for the rural areas of these developing countries. These new jobs can pay up to two or three times as much of minimum wage, which gives the people more money to spend and this helps develop the country because the average income rate is rising. The developing countries will say that it is morally and ethically wrong for companies to move their business to rural and developing countries, because they are not being paid as much as developed countries. In addition, they are making their employees work 84-105 hours a week compared to the United States traditional 40 hours, and sometimes the salary is 60% 80% lower than a company will pay in the United States. Just to add, sweatshops are viewed as over working their employees causing and creating hazardous and unhealthy working conditions. How would life be in developing countries without sweatshops? Since sweatshops create new jobs and new opportunity for the people in these rural areas, without the sweatshops the new jobs and opportunity would be gone. This will lead to young women and men prostituting themselves just to make money to survive. Also, starvation will become a huge factor in the developing countries, because without any jobs opportunity for an unskilled worker becomes narrow, without an education. People will have limited choices, for example possibly starving or stealing; which overtime will lead to additive violence, and eventually raise the crime rate because people have to survive. Nevertheless, since sweatshops are in a rural area it helps monitor the crime rates, starvation, and increases the dream of education because families are given opportunity to become more skilled alongside an ample income, paving a new way for the next generation. Therefore, as we learned in our International Business class, some of the developed countries can be bias and hypocritical because developed countries previously endorsed a sweatshop opportunity to gain existence and power in the market, examples are South Korea, and Taiwan. More importantly a majority of developing countries will embrace this vicious cycle for exposure, skill, and hands on awareness of a volatile market. Analysis Part II Sweatshops and Prosperity Sweatshops are good for globalization and prosperity because of comparative advantages in the market, which help the developing countries grow in the long run. Sweatshops will give developing people in rural areas a set of skills that will help them to compete in the International market. Companies like Nike and Wal-Mart help develop these countries by giving them the opportunity to learn how to do things those consumers and companies in develop countries take for granted. In return the skills sets learned will manufacture undeveloped countries, while increasing competitiveness and assembling products cheaper but still efficient, will engage a higher demand and raise the GDP of undeveloped countries. The thought of stability supports prosperity which is rare globally, so if opportunity renders freedom of choice for developing countries the debate becomes simple and survival is usually submitted. Analysis III Are Sweatshops common ground? Common ground is usually effective if the government in the host country is held accountable in the international community. Therefore the fundamental disagreement about sweatshops revolves debate about fairness. Western companies benefit from cheap labor in the developing world; sweatshop activists say western corporations can afford to pay artificial living wages and that anything less reeks exploitation. Further arguments include corporate governments penalizing the western companies internally if better working conditions arent offered to the developed countries or consumers refraining from purchasing products. Common ground becomes a factor, globalist say if that happens western corporations have no incentive to invest in the third world in the first place. Developing countries have two choices when negotiating common ground, (1) embrace foreign investment, (2) demand wages not proportional to what their national labor market would naturally allow. In most cases, the track that delivers prosperity (1) or the track that produces continued poverty (2) will lend clues to the debate and the winning verdict. Analysis IV. FDI in low labor-intensive operations Global markets gain their questionable state of regimen through rules that are stated in trade agreements, labor laws, and factors that give constructions on gender. Once you understand markets as institutions it will allow you to link the globalization of the apparel industry to US foreign policies. Major players within in the US textile and apparel industries seem to hold different trade strategies in store for use. The textile industry benefits from rule-of-origin protections, the apparel industry benefits from free trade without restrictions. Large-scale retailers became key political players. Unions opposed free-trade arrangements with developing countries that they believe foster a race to the bottom type of mentality. Overall the previous information about trade and apparel just emphasizes the importance of growth and power in the free trade market which elaborates capitalism and the issues of transparency simultaneously. In transition, developing countries do have a strategy for attracting investors to low-wage export industries to establish special export processing zones or free trade zones. Nevertheless the objective of establishing EPZs and FTZs is to provide foreign investors and their subcontractors with freedom duties on the capital equipment and components while exempting many governments from various labor regulations in the zones, including the organization of labor unions. Foreign Direct Investment in low wage, low-skill host countries has two sides failure and success. Positive is that when FDI is implemented in undeveloped rural areas potential benefits of a new life are given such as jobs, skills, agenda, choices, opportunities, etc. Negative outcomes of FDI is that deception and bondage may be used to prevent the people from leaving their jobs; in extreme situations recruiters and agents set up networks in which family members arrange to pay off loans my selling their children into contract labor. In addition, workers may receive no benefits such as social security alongside workers being deprived promotion and benefits of seniority. CONCLUSION Analysis Part I The race to the bottom phenomenon can be viewed as an advantage or disadvantage. Most global critics tend to view corporations and retailers taking credit for offering jobs and services to a weaker opponent, but not using internal ethics as a navigator to promote a safer healthier work environment. Nevertheless youre able to see the pros and the cons but overall my opinion clearly states that globalization and capitalism at the bottom can be harsh but stability equates to balance which means development needs more pros than cons overall but we all start from an infant stage to adolescence yearning for maturity and experience. Analysis Part II Are sweatshops a stop to the road to prosperity? Yes I feel that prosperity is not just tangible riches that a person or country endures, but the intangibles that are benefited from prosperity are much greater. So the resolution is to sweatshops overall being prosperous is government ethics meaning that leadership starts from above and trickles down. To be prosperous means sacrifice, discipline, and patience, but these qualities define moral ethics and the sweatshop or the corporate retailer cant establish a culture that has to come from the developing country internally. Analysis Part III Are sweatshops common ground? This question brings joy to me because this interrogative statement revolves around the debater and their view. However I consider myself a debater so let me elaborate yes and my reasons why are this history teaches you about the past meaning you may have or not endured historical moments or events during the time line of your life; which remotely if successful allow you and your family comfort. Just to add if youve never endured something but wanted more how can you deprive a choice of opportunity to another person or country without bearing the conditions or lifestyle they represent. So my inclination of common ground is the specimen of experience and the verdict well that would be the individuals choice. Analysis Part IV How can developing countries minimize or escape the dangerous abuses that often accompany foreign direct investment in low labor-intensive operations? FDI are benefits of investors that see potential from an undeveloped country starting with lack of opportunity, few choices, skill, education, health care, and other fundamentals of a higher standard living. In addition, there are disadvantages of countries with FDI such as benefits, working conditions, employee treatment. But to minimize or escape the dangerous abuses a host country must hold the government accountable and the standards that they allow corporations to work under and the ethics and treatment that follows. Labor unions and police monitoring is a start because that enforces accountability which leads to other interest groups in the future and set a precedence of standards throughout internally which will tap the external zone/developed countries or corporate retailers. Globalization and trade derived from conditions such as sweatshops, slavery, bondage, and to enhance undeveloped countries means upgrade the conditions and the legal environment.

HPTLC Method for Determination of Edaravone

HPTLC Method for Determination of Edaravone Development and Validation of HPTLC Method for Determination of Edaravone in Bulk and in Injectable Dosage Form A simple, rapid, reliable and accurate high performance thin layer chromatography method has been developed for the estimation of Edaravone in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. The chromatographic development was carried out on aluminum plates, pre-coated with silica gel 60 F254, using a mixture of Toluene: Methanol (6:à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °4à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °v/v) as mobile phase. Detection was carried out densitometrically at 254à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °nm. Theà °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ ¦fvalue of analyte was found to be0.66 ±0.02. The method was validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection, limit of quantification and specificity. The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots showed a good linear relationship with Ã… ¸2=0.9995 in the concentration range 200–600à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °ng/spot. The % assay (Mean  ± S.D.) was found to be100.27 ±0.72. Accuracy of the method was accessed by percentage recovery and found to be99.77 ±0.71%. The m ethod is new, simple and economical for routine estimation of edaravone in bulk, pre-formulation studies and pharmaceutical formulation rapidly at low cost in routine analysis. Keywords: Edaravone, HPTLC, Pharmaceutical dosage form 1. Introduction Edaravone [EDA] is a neuroprotective agent  used for the purpose of aiding  neurological  recovery  following acut ebrain ischemia and subsequent  cerebral infarction. Chemically, it is 3-Methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one. [1]. It is a strong novel free radical scavenger, was developed by Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation (Osaka, Japan). It acts as a  potentantioxidant, protecting against  oxidative stress  and  neuronal  apoptosis Furthermore, edaravone has anti-apoptotic, anti-necrotic, and anti-inflammatory cytokine effects, as well as scavenging free radicals in cardiovascular diseases and stroke, showing protective effects in the heart, vessel, and brain in experimental studies [2-5] Different methods have been reported for the determination of EDA in the bulk drug, in the dosage forms and in biological samples. HPLC [6-7] and potentiometric titrations [8] methods are available for determination of the analyte in bulk drug and formulation. RP-HPLC [9], RP- HPTLC [10] and LC-MS/MS [11] methods are reported for determination in biological samples. The literature survey revealed that HPTLC method is not reported for determination of EDA in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The present study describes the development and validation of a simple, specific, sensitive, accurate, precise, and economical HPTLC method for determination of EDA in bulk and injectable dosage form. The proposed method is optimized and validated as per the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines [12,13]. Fig 1: Edaravone 2. Experimental 2.1 Reagents and chemicals Edaravone was kindly gifted from Sun Pharmaceuticals, Vadodara, Gujarat, India. Edaravone injection was obtained from commercial sources within their shelf life period. All the reagents and solvents used were of analytical grade and obtained from Merck Chemicals. 2.2. Instrumentation and chromatographic conditions Chromatography was performed on 20cmÃâ€"10cm aluminum foil plates precoated with 0.2mm layers of silica gel 60 F254 (E. Merck, Germany). The plates were prewashed with methanol and water mixture, dried in the current of dry air and activated at 120 °C for 5min. Samples were applied as bands 6mm wide, by use of a CAMAG (Switzerland) Linomat 5 applicator with a CAMAG microliter syringe. A constant application rate of 150nLs−1was employed. Linear ascending development was performed in a twin-trough glass chamberwith mobile phase consisted of toluene: methanol (6:4 v/v), which gave sharp and symmetrical peak withà °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ ¦f0.66 + 0.02. The optimized chamber saturation time was 15 min at room temperature (25à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹Å"C ±2à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹Å"C) and relative humidity60% ±5%. After development, the plates were dried. Densitometric scanning, at 254 nm, was performed with a CAMAG TLC scanner 4 in absorbance mode. The source of radiation was a deuterium lamp emitting a cont inuous UV spectrum in the range of 190–400 nm. 2.3. Preparation of Standard Stock Solution An accurately weighed quantity of 10à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °mg EDA was transferred to 10à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °mL volumetric flasks, dissolved in methanol, and volume was made up to mark with the same solvent to obtain a working standard having concentration 1000à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °ngà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃŽ ¼L−1. 2.4. Optimization of mobile phase Initially, different ratios of methanol and toluene were tried, but tailing of spots was observed. Finally, the mobile phasecomprising of toluene:à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °methanolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °(6:à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °4à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °v/v) gives good resolution, sharp and symmetrical peak withà °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ ¹value of 0.63 at 254à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °nm. Figure 2: Chromatogram of standard Edaravone: (Rf = 0.63). 3. Result and discussion Validation of HPTLC method: The proposed method was validated as per the ICH guidelines in terms of its linearity, accuracy, specificity, intraday and interday precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). 3.1. Linearity (Calibration Curve) The amount of standard solution equivalent to 200-600 ng/spot of EDA was spotted on the prewashed TLC plates. The plates were developed, dried and scanned as described above. The calibration plot was constructed by plotting peak areas against the corresponding concentrations (ng/spot) of EDA. The linearity of response for EDA was assessed in the concentration range 200-600 ng/spot in terms of slope, intercept and correlation coefficient values. The calibration plot showed the correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.999), the intercept (5.838) and the slope (703.3) over the concentration range of 200-600 ng/spot (Fig. 2). The results of regression analysis are shown inTable 1. 3.2 Limit of Detection (LOD) and Limit of Quantification (LOQ) The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of the drug were derived by calculating the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N, i.e., 3.3 for LOD and 10 for LOQ) using the following equations designated by International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines LOD = 3.3 Ãâ€" ÏÆ'/S LOQ = 10 Ãâ€" ÏÆ'/S Where, ÏÆ' = the standard deviation of the response and S = slope of the calibration curve. 3.3 Range Suitable levels of precision and accuracy have been demonstrated between the upper and lower concentration limit of linearity under study. 3.4 Precision: The intra-day and inter-day variation for the determination of EDA was carried out at three different concentration levels 400, 600, 800 ng/spot. Intra-day variations were assessed by analyzing these concentrations in triplicate within a day and inter-day variation was assessed by using the same concentration of drug and analyzing it different days and time. Accuracy: The accuracy of the method was determined by the use of standard addition at three different levels. The pre analyzed sample solution of 400 ng/spot of EDA was spiked with extra amount equivalent to 80 %, 100 % and 120 % of the standard edaravone and the mixtures were analyzed by the proposed method. The experiment was conducted in triplicate. When these solutions were analyzed the recoveries were found to be within acceptable limits (Table 1). Specificity The mobile phase was optimized and it showed good result. There was no interference of diluents and other constituent’s in determining peak purity. This method is specific. Conclusion A new HPTLC method has been developed for the identification and quantification of EDA. Low cost, faster speed, and satisfactory precision and accuracy are the main features of this method. The method was successfully validated as per ICH guidelines and statistical analysis proves that the method is sensitive, specific, and repeatable. It can be conveniently employed for routine quality control analysis of EDA as bulk drug and in marketed injectable formulation. Acknowledgments The authors express their gratitude to Sun Pharmaceuticals Vadodara, Gujarat, India for providing a gift sample of Edaravone, the Management of Pioneer Pharmacy Degree College, Vadodara, Gujarat, India, and Anchrom Test lab Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai, Maharastra, India, for providing the necessary facilities. References Japanese Pharmacopoeial Forum, sixteenth edition, March 2012 Vol.21 (1), pp. 701-702. Doherty, Annette M, Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, Volume 37, Boston: Academic Press. Watanabe T, Tanaka M, Watanabe K, Takamatsu Y, Tobe A,â€Å"Research and development of the free radical scavenger edaravone as a neuroprotectant.Yakugaku Zasshi, March 2004,124(3): 99–111. Higashi Y, Jitsuiki D, Chayama K, Yoshizumi M (January 2006). Edaravone (3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one), a novel free radical scavenger, for treatment of cardiovascular diseases.Recent Patents on Cardiovascular Drug Discovery1(1): 85–93. Kikuchi, K.; Miura, N.; Kawahara, K.; Murai, Y.; Morioka, M.; Lapchak, P.; Tanaka, E. Edaravone (radicut), a free radical scavenger, is a potentially useful addition to thrombolytic therapy in patients with acute ischemic stroke (review). Biomed. Rep. 2013, 1, 7–12. George Lunn Hplc Methods For Recently Approved Pharmaceuticals A John Wiley Sons, Inc., Publication; P.p 204-206. XIA Ya Jun, ZHANG Xiao Ping Determination of Edaravone Injection by HPLC: Chinese Journal of Pharmaceuticals; Chinese journal of pharmaceuticals; 34; 352-353 ZHANG Fu-Cheng, TIAN Shu -Xia, JIANG Ye Comparison Of Two Potentiometric Titration Determinations Of edaravone [j]; Chinese Journal Of Pharmaceuticals; 2005-09 WEI Min, XIAO Yi (Guangxi Liuzhou Municipal People s Hospital, Liuzhou 545001, China); Determination of the Concentration of Edaravone in Human Serum by RP-HPLC [J]; China Pharmacy; 2007-08 M. Gandhimathi, M. Saravana Kumar, R. Baghla and T. K. Ravi RP-HPTLC Method for theIn VitroEstimation of Edaravone in Human PlasmaIndian Pharmaceutical Association Convention Volume: 72Issue: 2 P.p: 276-282 GU Li-Qiang XIN Yan-Fei ZHANG Sheng WEN Lei YANG Shi-Bao, HU Xiao-ling, XUAN Yao-Xian; Determination of edaravone in plasma of Beagle dog by LC-MS/MS [A]; [C]; 2009 ICH-Guidelines Q2A, â€Å"Validation of Analytical Procedures: Definition and terminology,† (CPMP III/5626/94), Geneva, Switzerland, 1995. ICH-Guidelines Q2B, â€Å"Validation of Analytical Procedures: Methodology,† (CPMP/ICH/281/95) Geneva, Switzerland 1996.

Disgrace: Parent-Child Relationships Essay -- Literary Analysis

Family is often a common theme that is shared across many of J.M Coetzee novels. Family members are usually distant to each other or the relationships between parents and children do not succeed in a conventional way. When Coetzee allows for members to engage in relationships with one another they are either â€Å"strained† or tainted by â€Å"violence† (Splendore 148). This is especially true in his novel Disgrace. In Disgrace David Lurie, an English professor, is arguably forced to resign from his position at the University, because of this Lurie moves to his daughters’ farm in Eastern Cape. The pair appears to have a normal relationship most of the time, but there is some obvious discomfort. As time progresses the relationship begins to improve, only to be ruined by an attack. Lurie is locked up, beaten and set on fire, where Lucy, his daughter, is gang raped and left with a pregnancy. It is at this point that their relationship begins to crumble. Alth ough Lurie loves his daughter it is his failed attempts to understand her situation and his eagerness to push her in the right direction that lead to a colder, more distant relationship. Lurie’s displays of love towards Lucy are undeniable. From the attack on Lurie shows overwhelming amounts of love for Lucy. This is mostly apparent during the attack, where Lurie very seldom shows any concern for his own well-being, but shows enormous amounts for Lucy’s, even when his own life is in jeopardy. As soon as Lurie regains consciousness, and realizes that he has been locked in the bathroom he begins to worry about â€Å"his child in the hands of strangers† and that â€Å"whatever is happening to her will be set in stone† (Coetzee 94). With these thoughts in mind Lurie attempts to escape by kic... ...e end of the novel Lucy and Lurie have grown so far apart that they rarely speak or spend any time together, this is all a result of the problems that Lurie’s arrogance to her situation. Works Cited Coetzee, J.M. Disgrace . New York: Penguin Books, 2000. Print. Dooley, Gillian. J. M. Coetzee and the power of narrative . Amherst, NY: Cambria Press, 2010. Print. Kossew, Sue. "The Politics of Shame and Redemption in J.M Coetzee's Disgrace." Research in African Literatures 34.2 (2003): 155 162. Project Muse . Web. 26 Oct. 2010. McDonald, Bill. Encountering disgrace: reading and teaching Coetzee's novel. Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2009. Print. Splendore, Paola . ""No more mothers and father": The Family Sib-Text in J.M Coetzee's Novels." Journal of Commonwealth Literature 38.3 (2003): 148-161. The Journal of Commonwealth Literature. Web. 26 Oct. 2010

Essay --

On October 25th, 2013, at Wenling City First Hospital, close to Shanghai, China, a 33-year-old man, furious at the result of an operation over an year ago on his nose, stabbed a doctor to death and wounded two others. He had gone to the ear, nose and throat department looking for the doctor who treated him, but the doctor was not there, so then he pulled out a butcher knife and stabbed the head of the department instead. He also stabbed two other doctors before he was retrained by security guards. Also in October this year, a female doctor in Beijing was stabbed 17 times by an unhappy patient who had spent years blogging about a throat cancer surgery that he claimed was a failure. Xinhua news, quoting a survey from the Chinese Hospital Association, shows that there were 27.3 assaults on medical staff – per hospital – in 2012. Medical professionals across China are increasingly becoming victims of physical violence at the hands of disgruntled patients. In some cases, doctors charged with saving lives are having their own cut short – murdered in cold blood over financial concerns or unhappiness with the quality of treatment. These attacks epitomize and crystalize, in a very extreme way, the severe deterioration of the doctor-patient relationship in China. What could make the doctor-patient relationship, which apparently is supposed to be healthy and mutually beneficial, so noticeably exacerbated in the past decade in China? Some critics say it is the low level of the medical equipments’ quality and doctors’ ability that badly displease and enrage patients, and cause these tragedies. According to Zhongshang News, â€Å"in China, medical students only need 5 years of professional training to be able to obtain the officially authorized qu... ...to African and Asian allied countries. Instead of short of money, the flaws and loopholes in the design of Medicare system explains its low coverage in needed areas. Chinese state media has condemned each of the attacks, and the Ministry of Public Security has required hospitals with more than 2,000 patients to have at least 100 security guards present. But the deeper issue remains—- the exacerbation of doctor-patient relationship due to the low credibility of doctors to their patients; the origin of these corruptions and dissatisfactions is the imperfections of the medical system and the core of solving this problem is first eliminating these problems. Work Cited: http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-10/31/c_132847107.htm http://thediplomat.com/2013/11/why-are-chinese-patients-killing-their-doctors/ http://www.askci.com/news/201208/13/8548_88.shtml

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) or ‘rodent ulcer’ is a malignant tumor of the skin that develops from the basal cell layer of the epidermis and also from the hair follicles. It is a slow-growing tumor that usually develops in sun-affected skin. The tumor does not tend to metastases to other parts of the body but may invade surrounding tissues (Halachmi, 2006). Basal cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer that does not develop from the cells that produce melanin (non-melanocytic type of tumors).It is the most common form of skin cancer and includes 75 % of all skin cancers (Halachmi, 2006). The condition frequently develops in individuals exposed to high amounts of radiation and sunlight (Halachmi, 2006). In the US, Basal cell carcinoma is the most common form of skin cancer. The incidences is higher in Australia, than in the UK and US. However, BCC does not seem to be a life-threatening condition. The incidence of Basal cell carcinoma is rising by about 10 % every year, thro ughout the World. The lifetime risk of developing BCC is about 30 % in Whites (Wong, 2003).There are several types of BCC including nodular, superficial types, sclerosing type, pigmented type and the multiple-superficial type. The superficial type is usually present on the face and is seen as a growth of tissues having rolled out margins. Sometimes, the contents of the tumor may be cystic. The lesion may also appear pigmented. Frequently, nodular lesions may ulcerate or bleed when minimal trauma is applied over them. The sclerosing type usually appears as a thickened scar following surgery. BCC usually develops in the age group of 40 years and above.Individuals who are frequently exposed to excessive sunlight or ultraviolet rays, those develop sunburns, or who have developed sunburns during childhood, or those who have developed skin cancers (such as BCC, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma) are at a higher risk of developing BCC (NDZL, 2007). Sometimes BCC may develop in families. In certain conditions such as Gorlin's syndrome, albinism, basal cell nevus syndrome and Barex syndrome, which runs in families, the risk of developing BCC is higher (NDZL, 2007).Light-skinned individuals and those having blond or red-colored hair, blue or green eyes are at greater chances of developing this condition. Frequently, over-exposure to x-rays, ultraviolet and other forms of radiation may worsen the risk of developing BCC. The incidence of BCC in younger individuals is on the rise (as they may like to undergo sun tanning and spend a lot of time outdoors). Individuals who are on immunosuppressant therapy are also at a higher risk of developing BCC (Wong, 2003). BCC usually begins as a painless growth on the outer layer of relatively normal looking skin.The tumor tends to grow and spread very slowly, and may vary in size from a two to three millimeters in the early stages to a few centimeters in the later stages. Sometimes, the lesion may ulcerate and the wound does not he al with usual amount of time. The lesion may bleed easily as the blood vessels may be involved with the tumor. The nerves may also be involved with the cancer. The affected portion of the skin may appear different. Sometimes, pigmented forms of BCC may develop such as pearly or waxy bumps or swellings (usually appears in this form), white or pink lesions, brown or flesh-colored lesions.The lesion may also be felt as a bump or a small swelling. The regional lymph nodes are usually not involved during the early stages of the disease and the tumor does not spread to other parts of the body, in the initial stages. Frequently, the lesion exhibits oozing or crusting on the surface. Sometimes, the lesion may develop from a scar left back following surgery. The lesion may also develop as a small depressed spot on the surface of the skin. The tumor can develop on several parts of the body such as the head, neck, scalp, ears, chest, face, nose, eyes, hands, legs, back, genitals, etc.It is mor e frequent in the portions of the body exposed to sunlight. The diagnosis of BCC is made based on the history, symptoms, signs, detailed physical examination, laboratory tests (to determine the spread of cancerous cells in the blood) and biopsy. The physician will take a detailed history to determine if the individual has had a previous history of certain skin disorders and also to study the family risk patterns. A detailed examination of the lesion is performed, and the physician will study its size, shape, color, consistency, the regional lymph nodes and spread to the surrounding structures of the body (Halachmi, 2006).The diagnosis is usually confirmed by taking a sample of the tissue for biopsy. The biopsy demonstrates the development of the tumor from the basal cell layer of the epidermis. Cancerous features are present in the sample (Halachmi, 2006). The treatment of BCC various depending on the size of the lesion, general condition of the patient, spread to other parts of the body, part of the body involved with the cancer, involvement of neighboring tissues and lymph nodes, etc. Small superficial lesions are treated by shaving off or scraping the tumor, along with curettage and cauterization (using electric current) (NDZL, 2003).Cauterization helps to destroy the residual cancerous cells that may be present in the surrounding tissues. A suture may be applied to ensure that the lesion heals without any problems. Larger basal cell carcinoma lesions are treated by removing the diseased tissue (excision), along with a margin of the normal tissues and suturing the skin (NDZL, 2003). A graft may be required in certain situations, to ensure the lesion heals properly. In certain types of BCC, an immune-modifying agent Immiquimod can be utilized to encourage the immune system to destroy the cancerous cells.Photosensitizing agents such as Metvix can be utilized to treat the superficial forms of BCC (photodynamic therapy). Once this medication is applied over the lesion, the oxygen and light tend to bring about a chemical reaction that destroy the cancerous cells. This treatment may usually require for the sclerosing type of BCC. Cryotherapy (treatment using cold substances such as liquid nitrogen) is also effective in destroying the cancerous cells. Some tumors that do not spread to other parts of the body and to the lymph nodes can be treated with radiotherapy (in which high-energy waves are utilized to destroy the cancerous cells).It may be required especially in elders who tend to develop lesions on their face. The cure rate following radiotherapy is about 90 % (Wong, 2003). Laser therapy can also be utilized to treat the tumor. Individuals with recurrent and invasive forms of the disease may require Moh’s microscopically controlled excision. It is especially recommended if the borders of the tumor are ill-defined and cannot be determined. Microscopic examinations of the excised lesions are usually conducted whilst the patient is being operated. The tumor is removed until a margin of normal tissue is obtained.Many surgeons have gone on to remove larger than usual amounts of the tissues as the unfelt extensions of the lesion are not identified (NDZL, 2003). The success rate is usually good following Moh’s procedure. It can also be utilized to treat recurrences of BCC (NCI, 2007). The outcome of BCC is usually good, and depends on several factors such as size and spread of the tumor to the neighboring tissues, lymph nodes and distant parts of the body, and the promptness in detecting the cancer and initiating treatment. Very rarely, the tumor results in fatal outcome (Wong, 2003).Usually, the chances of recurrences are less than one percent (Halachmi, 2006). Individuals undergoing Moh’s procedure may have a higher recurrence rate (it is about 10 %) as the tumor may have spread to surrounding structures (due to delay in treatment) (Halachmi, 2006). Individuals who have been treated for BCC should be regularly be monitored. BCC can be prevented to some extent by lowering exposure to ultraviolet rays present in the sunlight. The skin should be protected with adequate clothing and UV-protective eyewear, especially during the midday and in summer months.A sunscreen that protects from UV A rays and UV B rays should be utilized. The skin should be examined regularly to determine any change in color, texture or appearance. References: American Academy of Dermatology (2006). Basal Cell Carcinoma. Retrieved on April 16, 2006, from AAD Website: http://www. aad. org/public/Publications/pamphlets/BasalCellCarcinoma. htm Halachmi, S. (2006). Basal Cell Carcinoma. Retrieved on April 16, 2006, from Medline Plus Website: http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000824.htm National Cancer Institute (2006). Basal Cell Carcinoma of the Skin. Retrieved on April 16, 2006, from NCI Website: http://www. cancer. gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/skin/HealthProfessional/page5 New Zealand Dem atoligcal Society (2007). Basal Cell Carcinoma. Retrieved on April 16, 2006, from Derm Net NZ Website: http://dermnetnz. org/lesions/basal-cell-carcinoma. html Wong, C. S. M. , Strange, R. C. and Lear, J. T. (2003). â€Å"Basal Cell Carcinoma. † BMJ, 327, 794-798. http://www. bmj. com/cgi/content/full/327/7418/794

Three Essays

make up pay and rights for women Women constitute about 50% of global population. Without equal pay and rights for women, they cast aside behind and that means entire homo kind is losing about 50% harvest po cristaltial. Bring child mortality wander to near zero Mortality deem for under 5- social class old children in some under developed countries could run as high as 162 per 1000 consort to World Bank data. This assess is kind of alarming and shocking in xx first century. UN should solve with NAGS, WHO, UNESCO, respective goernments to clear down this rate.UN should take strict mea accrediteds against countries that discourages tight-laced immunization such as Afghanistan, Pakistan and Nigeria. Sadly, either here(predicate) of these countries recently reported irruption of polio. Ensure befitting entry to and rescue of Every living human existence needs to drink safe fresh tipsiness pee and pure drinking water. There is no doubt among experts that water woul d become priciest mineral 20 to 30 years down the road. According to soak up reports, 783 million people dont switch access to safe drinking water. Also, there argon reports that indicate drinking water depot is shrinking due to climate change.UN should work with all member states, Nags to educate the splendor of pure drinking water to frequent public and take proper measures to check off every(prenominal)ones access to pure drinking water. finish wars and genocide One of the founding charters of disunite is to menstruation wars. Unfortunately, UN has very limited victory here. Recent annexation of Crimea to Russia is a stellar example of how UN failed to do its job in this regard. Genocides in CAR and Syria also incite us how complicated todays political k right offledge base is, and limited authority GIN has all over its member states.UN should be working(a) harder to stop wars and genocides. Ensure democratic forego and delightful elections in all There are ple nty of examples when many member states dictators bring home the bacon over 99% of votes in bailiwick elections. Those elections are never held in free and fair manner and without any multinational election monitoring. These dictators repress against its own citizens, interrupt basic human rights, and engage wars with neighbors. UN should be strengthening its election monitoring capabilities and sections against states that dont stimulate free and fair elections.Conclusion As a global citizen, I think individually of the six demands have profound impaction on todays institution, and world population. UN has some take of successes in many sectors, however, there is much needs to be done for this planet earth and its residents. C. Describe a eon when you took a peachy gamble. What was the outcome? sentence to take a great risk I strongly believe breeding is all about taking compute risks, insightful planning, smart execution and reaping benefits at the end. Many of my family members have primptled in various western countries in by-line of higher post graduate studies.There is no way I could wait that big to go overseas for higher studies. Since I was 4 or 5 year old, I used to listen to BBC Bengali service which intrigued me about other cultures, various life styles, languages, and politics. It wasnt matter of if but when. When I was in 9th grade, I decided it was the clock to this take this risk and start proper planning. Knew it would be a big alienate -living without parents, siblings, relatives, living in an unknown grunge and not to mention forking over large sum of tuition fees.Per plan, I applied and got admitted into Notre Dame College (for 10 by means of 1 2 grade studies), at bunk few courses at a hush-hush university modeled after US colleges etcetera It was August 1 998 when I at long subsist got university acceptance letter and visa to go abroad. Sweet outcome Outcome has been great In a nutshell, to get here had to wo rk hard. I knew how to adapt to a country and culture as I was born and bought up in a Hindu family but Muslim volume county Bangladesh.I have consistently taken forficate fulfillment course load to disappoint tuition fee/course, have taken internships, on/off campus jobs to earn spare $ to provide for schooling and living expenses. straightway I have over ten years of professional experience now in US and have been transaction with world renowned clients like Microsoft, Amazon, Google, and Apple, British telecoms, Swiss railways in my daily routine, and working and selling solutions access the reality. Most of the mimes, stooge do all these things from my home office. Sometimes, I feel like I have gained more than I bargained forAnd theses when I tend to raise the bar and work smarter to fade new ends. Conclusion In summary, when unsound decisions are taken, we would need to make sure we have proper plans plan A, plan B, thus far plan C in place, we need to be flexible a nd pour our heart and someone to be successful. Have already make my mind to take next risk- to set up boutique IT consulting firms across the globe in socially and financially challenged separate of the world. I strongly believe entrepreneurial spirit of II global program, run a risk lube and classmates would be extremely instrumental in achieving my next big goalF. You have just participated in an of the essence(predicate) meeting with your superior. How allow for you ensure that every part of the instructions you received will properly reach all subordinates, suppliers and clients, situated in different parts of the world? During my meeting with my supervisor Mr. X, he informed me that our product license reinitialize rate year over year has bypast down by 10% during last fiscal year. He instructed me following bring with account managers to identify clients where license alteration could be at risk

A brief history of science education in Ghana Essay

recognition upbringing is the cultivation and disciplining the mind and former(a) faculties of an individual to habituate apprehension for improving his life, cope with an increasingly technological area, or pursue information academically and professionally, and for dealing responsibly with acquaintance related social issues (Akpan, 1992). g obsolescent coast, erst cognise as the cash seacoast, was the first African country to the south of the Sahara to gain political license from colonial rule in 1957.This former British colony of 92,000 squ ar miles (about 238,000 squ atomic number 18 kilometers) shares boundaries with three communicatory nations the Cote dIvoire to the west, Burkina Faso to the north and Togo to the east. The Gulf of Guinea of the Atlantic Ocean is to the south of the country. EARLY HISTORY OF preparation BEFORE INDEPENDENCE As was the case in m some(prenominal) colonies during the primeval colonial period, the main finish of genteelness was to make civilization march hand-in-hand with evangelization (Anum Odoom, 2013). This rumor gives a clear description of how pro cosmea in gold coast was seeed at that time.The stiff, western-style program line in gold coast is directly associated with the history of European activities on the Gold Coast The Portuguese were the first Europeans to add up at the Guinea coast in 1471. Their use to establish grooms was expressed in imperial instructions that, in 1529, encouraged the Governor of the Portuguese go at Elmina to teach reading, writing, and the Catholic religion to the people. It is regard proven that the danish, Dutch and the English merchants also find out up schools in their forts and castle to educate their mulatto children by native women.Unmistakably linked to the implementation of formal rearing in Ghana with the Christian missionaries, who effected that in order to spread the word of God, they needed intumesce- educated topical anaesthetic assistants. Following the consolidation of the coastal region as the British Gold Coast Colony, the administration became more aggressive in hobby of its educational form _or_ placement of government. This was precipitated by the British purchase of the Danish property at Christiansborg in 1850 and the Dutch Elmina stronghold in 1872.To help redress problems faced by the mission schoolssuch as training local teachers and improving the tonus of educationthe administration do grants to both the Wesleyan and Basel missions in 1874. In the educational Ordinance of 1882, government grants to denominational schools were do leechlike on an assessment of the level of efficiency. The schools receiving grant-in-aid were defined as government assisted schools, but their base musical accompaniment was to come from the missions themselves and from other private sources. On the Gold Coast, the appointment of Brigadier General Gordon Guggisberg as regulator brought its own advantages.During his tenu re from 1919 with 1927, Governor Guggisberg initiated some(prenominal)(prenominal) major(ip) developmental programs that included educational improvements as a critical ingredient in his structure of a modern Gold Coast. While the forward administration had seen the provision of elementary schools by the assorted Christian missions as adequate, Guggisberg was of the conviction that the current trunk could not sustain future developments. In fact, exactly a few months by and by his arrival, the governor presented a 10- course of instruction development plan for the Gold Coast.Among other things, financing was aggressively sought for post elementary education for boys and girls. Even though the administration proposed a skillful college for Accra, the Prince of Wales College (now Achimota College) was the real trophy of the administrations educational program. This non denominational school catered for assimilators from kindergarten to the pre university level. THE BIRTH OF SCIENCE gentility The inadequacies inherent in the brass of education were discovered in the post-World War I appeal made by the Foreign Missions Conference of North the States to the Phelps-Stokes Funds for a re reckon of the state of education in Africa.The Phelps-Stokes Commission on Africa issued reports in 1922 and 1925 in which educators were criticized for lightly catering to the social and economic necessitate of the continent. The commission of which James Emman Kwegyir Aggrey was a member, called for instructions in the mechanical operations necessary for the improvement of the judicial admission of the mass majority of the people. This included science education and character training. The Phelps-Stokes funds founded in 1920, is an African precept Commission represented one of the early attempts to link black Africa with Negro America.The attempt to manufacture this link represented a concerted policy on the part of a number of missionary and philanthropic groups in the joined Kingdom and the United States to draw attention to what seemed to be analogous situations-politically, socially, and economically. Ghana is said to be the first independent sub-Saharan African country outside South Africa to put down on a comprehensive drive to press science education and the application of science in industrial and social development (Anamuah-Mensah, 1999). Science instruction after IndependenceAfter Phelps- stokes commission had pushed for the acquit of science education in Africa in oecumenic and in particular, Gold Coast, there has not been any clear cut national policy for science education in Ghana up to visualize (Ahmed, 2013). Dr Kwame Nkrumah who aimed at achieving Free Compulsory Universal staple fibre fostering instituted an Act called 1961 Act, (Act 87) . This Act was to make raw material education free and Compulsory and anyone who fails to send his or her child to school was made to pay a fund by the Minister for education.The e ducation system at that point consisted of six year of primary education, followed by quartette-years of vicarious education. At the end of the four years adapted students went on to do a devil-year sixth form course that could hunt down to a three year University course. Students, who were not suitable to continue, completed two- year of pre-vocational classes. The Nkrumah government encouraged the acquire of science by instituting a special acquaintance scheme which enabled science and agriculture undergraduates to enjoy scholarships a smallish higher than those of their counterparts in the humanities. This facility was move after 1966.Science and maths teachers were also stipendiary a little more than their colleagues in the humanities. (Djangmah, 2007) The Reforms The vii year development plan instituted by Dr. Kwame Nkrumah was unretentive lived. The system was later regarded as too grand and too academic. Thus Dzobo Education Reforms of 1974 saw a reform of the sy stem, instating the petty(prenominal) standby indoctrinate (now junior-grade High School) on an experimental basis. The Junior Secondary School introduced practical subjects and activities allowing students to acquire occupational skills, which after an apprenticeship lead to the qualification for self-employment.Due to a childlike range of factors such as the economic decline, bureaucracy and sheer lack of interest the JSS-system never went beyond the experimental phase. By 1983 the education system was in a state of crisis. It faced drastic reductions in government activity financing, lack of educational materials, and deterioration of school structures, low enrollment levels and high dropout rates. With the assistance of several development partners (World Bank, Department for world-wide Development (ODA) and world-wide grants) the education system was re loted and proposals were implemented in 1987 cognize as Evans-Anfom reforms.In 1987, Ghanas Ministry of Education in troduced a restructured educational system that gradually replaced the British-based O-level and A-level system. The transit was completed in June, 1996, when the in conclusion class took A-level exams. The last O-level exams were administered in June 1994, although a remedial exam was offered by 1999 (Keteku, 2013) The 1987 Reforms had strengths as well as weaknesses. One of the strengths was that it put upd a comprehensive staple Education which improved coming to education for more children of school-going age.Junior Secondary Schools were provided end-to-end the country and this helped to increase literacy levels. The reform also introduced unvarying Assessment which formed part of the closing examination. This get wordd that native assessment in schools was included in the final examinations and this ended the single-shot examination existing in the old system. The Anamuah-Mensah Report recommended similar structure of education expert like the Evans-Anfom Report of 1986.The difference was the inclusion of two (2) years of Kindergarten education as part of Basic Education and Apprenticeship training for leavers of the Junior Secondary School who unable to or do not motivation to continue in the formal sector. The implementation of the Anamuah-Mensah Reforms began in kinfolk 2007, and it was faced with initial problems. These problems included last in the supply of syllabuses and textbooks for the smooth take-off of the programme, and teachers were not adequately prepared in terms of training to implement the reforms.These problems were later dealt with as the implementation of the reforms progressed. The next major problem being anticipated is the inadequate classrooms and other facilities as students depart enter the fourth year of Senior High School in September 2010. The Way Forward For Science Education advancement of science education in the country pull up stakes depend on three drivers of change, namely, funding, teaching and inter ventions, and look into (Akyeampong ,2007) Funding Knowledge is not cheap. Science, engine room and mathematics acquaintance required to move the country into the knowledge society can never be cheap.Governments commitment to science education should be demonstrated in the level of resources allocated to science and technology. Laboratories and workshops in the schools, teacher training colleges, universities and polytechnics should be well furnished and youthful ones constructed to take into consideration the increasing student population. Research The knowledge society thrives on the creation of new knowledge. Research provides the means by which new knowledge is created. Resources, both material and human, for search in science and technology are woefully inadequate or non-existent.This has had a profound effect on the development of post graduate question in the universities. A number of measures need to be taken to strengthen explore in science and technology in or der to meet the demands of the country. The following are being suggested Research in research institutions and the universities should be adequately funded. Most researches carried out in the universities are those that interest the researchers and are hence supply- control the Government should quarrel our scientists and provide funds to carry out research on problems confronting the country.This can be done by the provision of research funds to be competed for by all scientists in the country. Establish a interior(a) Science Research Facilities Centre equipped with world class specialized facilities which are normally dearly-won and therefore beyond the means of single institutions, to provide opportunities for Ghanaian researchers to carry out scientific research and development and retain local researchers as well as attract foreign ones. To improve the fictional character of science education at all levels, research in science and technology should include research on tea ching and learning science, technology and mathematics.engraft special awards for best researchers and science teachers. This could be termed the hot seats Award for Science to be accustomed annually. We need to celebrate achievement. Set up a formal scheme for mentoring the Youth- This is critical to the development of a career path in science for the youth. Mentors consign interest in junior colleagues and help them to fling the path. This experience is however rare in the universities. These days, newly recruited scientists struggle to keep afloat with little or no detain.A formal mentoring system should be established in all institutions to ensure that young scientists recruited into the universities or research institutions are link up to professors and senior scientists in their fields of study to play advice and support. The mentoring can take the form of joint research, publications and presentations at conferences and seminars. To raise the level of awareness of scie nce and technology innovation (research) and foster a synergy among education, persistence and research institutes, a project referred to as SMART.MOVES in some countries should be established in secondary schools. This project go away involve encouraging schools through visits, presentations and seminars to work on problem solving projects with support from the community. The projects will be assessed and students with innovative and creative projects will be invited to present their projects at a Junior Scientist Conference which will be attended by senior scientists who can later act as mentors for the students. Prizes will be given to students based on the quality of project and presentation.The Ghana Academy of Science and Arts can take up this. terminus The vision of the field Science and Technology form _or_ system of government is to support national socio-economic development goals with a view to lifting Ghana to a middle income status by the year 2020 through the perp etuation of a science and technology culture at all the levels of society, which is driven by the promotion of innovation and the mastery of known and proven technologies and their application in industry, and other sectors of the frugality. (MEST, 2000)This vision can become a ingenuousness when science education is given a make headway at all levels of education. It has been suggested that the promotion of science education hinges on three pillars funding, teaching and intervention, and research. Without adequate funding, quality teachers, supportive intervention activities and research to illuminate our understanding, science education will have no clashing on the everyday lives of Ghanaians and the observation made by the bailiwick Development Planning Commission will remain true.Our national vision for science and technology will be therefore be meaningless. REFERENCES Ahmed, M. (2012). Ghana to launch National Science policy. Retrieved 4th October, 2013, from http//www. ghanaweb. com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel. php? ID=235350. Akpan, O. E. (1992) Toward notional Science teaching and learning in wolfram African school. Ghana catholic Press Akyeampong, K. (Centre for external Education, University of Sussex, England) in his lecture on 50 historic period of Educational Progress and Challenge in Ghana, at Parliament House, London, England 2007 Anamuah-Mensah, J.(1999). Science and Technology Education in Ghana. A paper delivered at the National education Forum on the theme Towards Sustaining an telling National Education System, held at the Accra International Conference Centre, Accra, 17-19th November. Anum-Odoom, A. K. M . Educational Reforms in Ghana, 1974-2007. Retrieved on 12th October, 2013, from http//www. ghanaweb. com/GhanaHomePage/blogs/blog. article. php? blog=2091&ID=1000004125- Djangmah, J. S.Clarifying Ghanas national vision for the application of science and technology to development. Retrieved on 12th October, 2013, from http //www. ghanansem. org/index. php? option=com_content&task=view&id=234 Keteku, N. W (EDUCATIONAL REFORM IN GHANA THE ranking(prenominal) SECONDARY SCHOOL). Retrieved 10th October, 2013, from http//www. bibl. u-szeged. hu/oseas_adsec/ghana. htm Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology (MEST) (2000). National Science and Technology Policy Document. Accra MEST.